This is really welcome from Manish Srivastava on how to do verifiable decisions/appeals in an unbundled state in the age of AI:
https://digitalstatecraft.substack.com/p/the-minimum-digital-kernel-of-an
It is the smallest set of shared digital capabilities needed for an unbundled state to behave like a rule-of-law machine: legitimacy is legible, decisions are reproducible, and remedies are enforceable. Everything else, the apps, counters, intermediaries, and fulfilment channels, can remain plural.