1. Tim O’Reilly, “Government as a Platform”, Innovations, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, Pages. 13–40, January 2011, [www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/1...](https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/INOV_a_00056)

2. See this for a more comprehensive literature review: Alan Brown, Jerry Fishenden, Mark Thompson and Will Venters, “Appraising the impact and role of platform models and Government as a Platform (GaaP) in UK Government public service reform: towards a Platform Assessment Framework (PAF)” Government Information Quarterly, 34 (2). pp. 167–182, 2017, [epubs.surrey.ac.uk/841964/](http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/841964/)

3. “Government as a Platform is a new vision for digital government; a common core infrastructure of shared digital systems, technology and processes on which it’s easy to build brilliant, user-centric government services.” Mike Braken, “Government as a Platform: the next phase of digital transformation”, GDS Blog, 29th March 2019, [gds.blog.gov.uk/2015/03/2...](https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2015/03/29/government-as-a-platform-the-next-phase-of-digital-transformation/)

4. “In a world of easily shared government as a platform, services will be cheaper and easier to make. When that happens there will be more services, more closely targeted at user needs.” Louise Downe, “Good services are verbs, bad services are nouns”, Design in Government Blog, 22nd June 2015, [designnotes.blog.gov.uk/2015/06/2...](https://designnotes.blog.gov.uk/2015/06/22/good-services-are-verbs-2/)

5. Jerry Fishenden, “The political opportunity — and threat — of better public services”, New tech observations from the UK (ntouk), 7th January 2019, [ntouk.wordpress.com/2019/01/0...](https://ntouk.wordpress.com/2019/01/07/the-political-opportunity-and-threat-of-better-public-services/)

6. Sam Trendell, “‘We have only scratched the surface’ — Estonia’s CIO on what’s next for the world’s most celebrated digital nation”, PublicTechnology.net, 18th February 2019, [www.publictechnology.net/articles/...](https://www.publictechnology.net/articles/features/)‘we-have-only-scratched-surface’-–-estonia’s-cio-what’s-next-world’s-most

7. GovTech Singapore, “The Tech Behind The Moments Of Life (Families) App”, [www.tech.gov.sg/media/tec...](https://www.tech.gov.sg/media/technews/the-tech-behind-the-moments-of-life.) Retrieved 13th June 2019.

8. Aneesh Chopra and Nick Sinai, “Wholesale Government: Open Data and APIs”, Medium, 9th April 2015, [medium.com/@Shorenst...](https://medium.com/@ShorensteinCtr/wholesale-government-open-data-and-apis-7d5502f9e2be)

9. David Eaves and Ben McGuire, “Lessons from Estonia on digital government”, Policy Options, 7th February 2019, [policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines...](http://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/february-2019/lessons-estonia-digital-government/) — See this for a description of duplication and waste

10. [gds.blog.gov.uk/2015/03/2...](https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2015/03/29/government-as-a-platform-the-next-phase-of-digital-transformation/)

11. “Building a 21st Century Platform to Better Serve the American People”, [obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/def...](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/egov/digital-government/digital-government.html)

12. Australian Government, “Digital Service Platforms Strategy”, [www.dta.gov.au/our-proje...](https://www.dta.gov.au/our-projects/digital-service-platforms-strategy/our-future-vision-built-digital-platforms)

13. Clare Mills, “Payments Project — Introducing the Payments Project”, Scottish Government Digital Blog, 12th march 2019, [blogs.gov.scot/digital/2...](https://blogs.gov.scot/digital/2019/03/12/payments-project-introducing-the-payments-project/)

14. HM Government, “Design and build government services”, [www.gov.uk/service-t...](https://www.gov.uk/service-toolkit#gov-uk-services.) Retrieved 26th June 2019.

15. “Interview with Will Myddelton — UK Government as a Platform programme”, 29th October 2018, [medium.com/platform-...](https://medium.com/platform-land/interview-with-will-myddelton-government-as-a-platform-3aff4ebcb3e8)

16. Mark Thompson, “Government as a platform, or a platform for government? Which are we getting?”, Computer Weekly, 3rd June 2015, [www.computerweekly.com/opinion/G...](https://www.computerweekly.com/opinion/Government-as-a-platform-or-a-platform-for-government-Which-are-we-getting)

17. “About India Stack”, [indiastack.org/about/](https://indiastack.org/about/)

18. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, “Put VA Data to Work”, [developer.va.gov.](https://developer.va.gov.) Retrieved 5th June 2019.

19. Nandan Nilekani and Viral Shah, Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations, Penguin Books, 2016, page xxviii

20. Societal Platform, “Societal Platform Thinking: Catalyzing Ecosystems to Resolve Societal Challenges”, [societalplatform.org/articles/...](https://societalplatform.org/articles/societal-platform-thinking-catalyzing-ecosystems-to-resolve-societal-changes/.) Retrieved 4th May 2019.

21. Government of India, “National Health Stack, Strategy and Approach”, July 2018, [niti.gov.in/writeread...](https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/documentpublication/NHS-Strategy-and-Approach-Document-for-consultation)

22. ODI, “What is data infrastructure?”[theodi.org/topic/dat...](https://theodi.org/topic/data-infrastructure/)

23. Peter Wells, “Aim to be boring: lessons for data infrastructure”, ODI Blog, 26th August 2015, [theodi.org/article/a...](https://theodi.org/article/aim-to-be-boring-lessons-for-data-infrastructure/)

24. Jonathan Dupont, “Redesigning government in the era of intelligent services”, [policyexchange.org.uk/wp-conten...](https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/The-Smart-State-1.pdf)

25. In India, the Goods and Services Tax Network operates APIs and other infrastructure needed to operate the national harmonized sales tax. GSTN is a non-profit company owned partly by the national and state level governments. (The harmonization of sales taxes itself required a change to India’s constitution). Aadhaar, the identity verification platform, is operated by the Unique Identification Authority of India.

26. OECD, “Digital Government Review of Sweden: Towards a data-driven public sector”, October 2018, [www.oecd.org/gov/digit...](http://www.oecd.org/gov/digital-government/key-findings-digital-government-review-of-sweden-2018.htm)

27. David Bartlett, “Government as a Platform” Opening Government: Transparency and Engagement in the Information Age, 2018, pp. 37 — 44

28. Lydia Ottlewski and Johanna Gollnhofer, “Private and Public Sector Platforms — Characteristics and Differences”, Marketing Review St, 2019, [www.researchgate.net/publicati...](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331980681_Private_and_Public_Sector_Platforms_-_Characteristics_and_Differences)

29. Some of these may well be collaborative in nature

30. David Eaves and Ben McGuire, “Digital service teams: the end of the beginning?”, Apolitico, 29th November 2018, [apolitical.co/solution_...](https://apolitical.co/solution_article/digital-service-teams-end-of-beginning/)